Marcos+R+(2ºD)

toc Created by Marcos Rocha (2ºD) (The Lords)

Voki
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-**__Biography__**
-__Introduction__ Philip II, known as Philip The Prudent, was a Spanish monarch from the House of Habsburg. He was born the 21st of May of 1527 and died the 13th of September of 1598 when he was 71 years old. He was King of Spain (1556-1598), King of Portugal (1581-1598), King of Naples (1554-1598) and King of England (1554-1558) -__Early Years__ Philip was born in Valladolid on the 21st of May of 1527 at Palacio de Pimentel. He was the first son of the marriage between Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire and Isabel of Portugal. In his early life, he was influenced by the culture and courtly life of Spain. When Philip was eleven months old, in April 1528, he received the oath of allegiance as eir to the crown from the Cortes of Castile. He will be raised in the royal court of Castile under the care of his mother and Lenor de Mascarenhas, one of Isabel's Portuguese ladies. In 1542, Philip received the oath of allegiance of the Aragonese Cortes. __-Inheritance of the territories.__ His father, Charles I of Spain and the V of the Holy Roman Empire abdicated in 1556, leaving the territories of the Holy Roman empire to his brother, Ferdinand and the rest of the territories to his son Philip II. As he is not going to receive the Holy Roman Empire, he is not going to be called "emperor" but he is going to controll a larger number of territories than his father. His territories were: It was said that in his territories the sun nerver set. -__Philip's government__ Philip received some territories in the Low Countries in 1555 and the Crown of Castile and Aragon in 1556. Philip was an absolutist monarch. He controlled the most extensive kingdom of history. He had a centralized administration in Madrid (not as his father). He had economic problems due to the debt of 36 million ducats that his father left to him and because of the cost of wars (soldiers, weapons, etc.). The enmity between France and Spain continued (e.g.: The battle of San Quintín [1557] which the Spanish soldiers won. To commemorate this event, Philip II ordered the construction of the monastery of "El Escorial" where years later, he died) but it was braked as France had a civil war because of religious topics. However, when the civil war stopped at the end of Philip's reign, there were more wars between France and Spain. In 1571, a fleet commanded by John of Austria, Philip II "illegitimate brother", defeated the Ottoman Turks in the battle of Lepanto. Another problem was the Revolt of the Low Countries. The Northern Part of the Holy Roman Empire, who was mainly protestant, wanted to split from the Catholic part. Philip didn't like this as his way to unify his subjects was thanks to Catholicism. Due to this disagreement, some wars of religion broke out. In these wars, The Low Countries were helped by England with weapons and soldiers. To solve the situation, Philip II and the Low Countries made an agreement. It consisted in giving the government of the Low Countries to Isabel Clara Eugenia (Philip's daughter) and her husband, Alberto of Austria. If they had a child, the child will inherit the territories and they would be independent. If not, the territories will return to Philip II. Actually, Isabel was infertile so she couldn't have children. When Alberto died (1621) the Low Countries returned to Spain (by that time ruled by Philip IV). When King Sebastian of Portugal died (1580), he demanded the kingdom as grandchild of Manuel I the Fortunate. In 1580, he was named king of Portugal after a battle with Antonio, Prior of Crato who was also claiming for the throne as illegitimate son of Luis of Portugal and grandchlid of Manuel I the Fortunate. As a result of the help that England was giving to the rebels in the Low Countries and the attacks of the buccaneer Drake, Philip II decided to invade England with the "Armada Invencible". It was defeated in 1588. In 1567, the Morisco Revolt took place in Alpujarras, Granada, commanded by Aben Humeya. In 1571, Juan of Austria and his troops stopped this problem.
 * Spain
 * Portugal
 * The territories of the Indies that his father controlled plus the ones that the Conquistadors were conquering
 * Some territories in Africa, Asia and the northern part of oceania.

__--Marriages and children:__ __-Marriage with Maria Manuela of Portugal.__ Philip and Maria Manuela married in 1543. Philip wasn´t King of Spain yet. They were double cousins as Maria Manuela was daughter of Philip's maternal uncle John III of Portugal and Philip's paternal aunt Catherine of Austria. In 1545, she died in the birth of their son Carlos, Principe de Asturias. Carlos had psychological and physical problems. Furthermore, he died with the age of 23, unmarried and without an heir. __-Marriage with Mary I of England__ Mary and Philip's marriage that took place in 1554 had political interests. By this marriage Philip became king of England and Ireland. The marriage produced no children and Mary died in 1558, ending Philip's reing in England and Ireland. When Mary died, Philip was replaced by Elizabeth I. Philip wasn´t King of Spain at the beggining of this marriage but, before Mary died, he received the territories. __-Marriage with Isabel of Valois__ Philip's third wife was Isabel of Valois. Their marriage (from 1559 to 1568) produced 5 daughters. Isabel died hours after a miscarriage in 1568. Their children were: As the two that survived were women, if Philip had a son, they will not inherit the territories (as it actually happened). __-Marriage with Anna of Austria__ Philip's fourth and final wife was his niece, Anna of Austria. Anna died after giving birth to Maria in 1580. Their children were: __-Death__ Philip II died in El Escorial (the monastery that he had ordered to build commemorating the triumph in the battle of San Quintín) near Madrid, on 13 september 1598 of cancer. His death, which was very painful, involved a sever attack of gout (as his father), fever and dropsy. He could no longer be moved to wash because of the pain; thus a hole was cut in his mattress for the release of body fluids. Before dying, he said: "Now is the moment" and his companions gave him the cross and the altar candles with which his parents, both Isabel and Charles, had died before. He was succeded by his son Philip III.
 * 2 miscarriaged twins
 * Isabel Clara Eugenia
 * Catalina Micaela
 * A miscarried daughter. Isabel died in this birth.
 * Ferdinand, Principe de Asturias, who died with 6 years.
 * Charles Lawrence, who died with 1 year.
 * Diego, Principe de Asturias, who died with 7 years.
 * Philip, who will be the future Philip III of Spain and inherit all the territories of Spain.
 * Maria, who died with 3 years. In this birth Anna died.

__**-Newspaper article**__
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__**-Voki**__
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__**-Timeline**__
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__**-Prezi**__
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