Ainoa+Martínez+López+3ºD+(2015-16)

Official country name:
România. The name comes from the Romanian Român, which is a derivative of the Latin adjective Romanus (Roman). Romanians are a people living in Central and South-Eastern Europe speaking a Romance language.

Location:
It is in the South-eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine. The geographic coordinates are 46 00 N, 25 00 E Romania stretches 514 km from North to South and 720 km from East to West. It occupies an area of 237,500 sq. km; 230,340 sq. km are from the land and the other 7,160 sq. km in water.

Year that country joined the UN:
1955 Helping national partners achieve a greater efficiency in planning, managing and implementing sound development policies is at the core of United Nations system’s philosophy. In Romania, 11 agencies, under the UN system, work together with national partners to reduce poverty, protect the environment, fight disease and promote human rights. In support of these national development priorities the UN has formulated the [|United Nations] Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF). The 2005-2009 UNDAF for Romania provides a collective, coherent and integrated UN system response to national priorities including Romania’s Millennium Development Goals, based on a series of international conferences and summits that took place in the 1990s, are today the framework agreed upon at the international level for monitoring progress in development. If you want to know more about the UN and how does it helps in the world look to this [|file] I have found with sixty ways that the United Nations use to make the difference.

1.What are the people of the country called?
Romanian(s)

2.What is the official language? What other languages do people speak?
The language they speak is the Romanian. Romanian descends directly from Latin spoken in Dacia and Moesia in ancient times and it is one of the Eastern most representative Romance language spoken by around 24 million people as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language. Beside Romanian, the only official language, the other spoken languages include Hungarian, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Russian, Slovak, Romani, Ukrainian, and German.

3.What is the most-practiced religion?
The great majority of Romanians (86.8% ) belonged to the Orthodox church. Roman Catholics and Protestant minorities, such as the Hungarian Reformed Church, are well represented in Transylvania. In Maramures region many Romanians follow the Unite creed. The Schwab and Landler Germans are Roman Catholics, while the Saxons embraced Lutheranism, although a few are Seven-Day Adventists. About 75,000 Hungarians are Unitarian and since 1989 the Baptists and newer evangelical churches have making great gains. About 1% of the population are Greek Catholic and 0.1 % Jewish.

Draw the flag and describe the meaning of its symbols and colours.


The colours red, yellow and blue have been used by the Rumanians as his symbol, or have been used by foreigners to designate them. The most ancient written testimony that have being conserved was of April 14 of 535 A.D., when the emperor Justiniano I established the symbol of the territories controlled by Justiniana Prima's archbishopric.

These colours are also used in the diplomas issued by the Rumanian owner Michael Brave, and also in his shields and the shields’ ornaments. Also it is necessary to mention the presence of these three colours in tassels and in the flag used by Tudor Vladimirescu in his raising against some rivals.

It was at the time when the blue was for the first time associated with the freedom (the blue from the sky), the yellow one with the justice (from the fields) and the red one with the red from the blood (from the brotherhoods).

1. Is it a democratic or a non-democratic state?
Rumania is a democratic republic semi presidential, that is based in the V French Republic Constitution.

2. What is the name of the leader of the country?
President Klaus Lohannis since 16 November 2014. The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004, after the Constitution was modified in 2003). An individual may serve two terms. During his/her term in office, the President may not be a member of any political party. The president is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two 4-year terms. He is the chief of state, the supreme commander of the armed forces and the chairman of the Supreme Defense Council. The president nominates the prime minister, who appoints the government.

3.What type of government is the country ruled by?
Rumania is a democratic republic semi presidential similar to a constitution, that is based in the V French Republic Constitution. The Romania constitution of 1991, modified in 2003, declare the country a democratic and social republic. In addition, they have named a president, a parliament, a Constitutional Court and an organization separated from the low courts that consist of the Cassation and Justice Supreme Court.

4. Is there a separation of powers? Which institution/person is in charge of each of the powers?
Executive - Legislative - Judicial -
 * President Klaus Lohannis (head of state)
 * Prime minister Dacian Cioloş (head of government)
 * Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister.
 * The Bicameral Parliament. [consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (332 seats) and the Senate (137 seats),]
 * Constitutional Court. [adjudicates the constitutionality of challenged lows]
 * Supreme Court. [judges may serve consecutive terms and are appointed for a term of 6 years]
 * Lower courts.

5.What are the main political parties of the country (socialist party, communist party, green party, republicans, democrats, etc.)? Describe briefly their ideas.
Parliamentary -
 * Social Democratic Party (PSD)
 * National Liberal Party (PNL)
 * Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (ALDE)
 * Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR)
 * National Union for the Progress of Romania (UNPR)
 * People's Party – Dan Diaconescu (PP–DD)
 * [|Other ethnic-minority parties]

Non-parliamentary -
 * People's Movement Party (PMP)
 * Greater Romania Party (PRM)
 * Green Party (PV)

Third Way || Liviu Dragnea || Centre-left || Constantin || Centre-right || in Romania ||< UDMR || Hungarian minority interests Regionalism || Hunor Kelemen || Various || of Romania ||< UNPR || Social democracy Progressivism || Gabriel Oprea || Centre-left || Romanian nationalism || Dumitru Niculescu || Left wing || Liberalism || Traian Băsescu || Centre-right || Right-wing populism National conservatism Euro-scepticism || Emil Străinu || Centre-left Far-right ||
 * ~  ||~   ||= Name ||= Abbr. ||= Ideology ||= Leader ||= Position ||
 * ~  ||~ | || Social Democratic Party ||< PSD || Social democracy
 * ~  ||~ | || National Liberal Party ||< PNL || Liberalism || Alina Gorghiu Vasile Blaga || Centre-right ||
 * ~  ||~ | || Alliance of Liberals and Democrats ||< ALDE || Liberalism || Călin Popescu Tăriceanu and Daniel
 * ~  ||~ | || Democratic Union of Hungarians
 * ~  ||~ | || National Union for the Progress
 * ~  ||~ | || People's Party – Dan Diaconescu ||< PP-DD || Populism
 * ~  ||~ | || People's Movement Party ||< PMP || Christian democracy
 * ~  ||~ | || Greater Romania Pa ||< PRM || Romanian nationalism Greater Romania
 * ~  ||~ | || Green Party ||< PV || Green politics. || Remus Cernea || Centre ||

6.Was your country ever a colony? If so, when did it gain its independence?
Romania hasn't be a colony ever, but it has some colonies inside of it as the leper colony Tichileşti in the eastern Romania. Although Tichileşti appears to be more like a small village, and is formally administered as a village by Isaccea.

Nevertheless, if you want more information, here I upload the Romanian Official Government website.

1. How many inhabitants does the country have?[[image:romaniapopulation.png width="406" height="183" align="right" link="@http://www.tradingeconomics.com/romania/population"]]
It has around 19,879,326 people, more than 54% of whom live in towns and cities, and officially just over 2,500,000 belong to 17 ethnic minorities. Population density is 98 people per square kilometre.

2. Population density.
97.7 people per sq. km.

3. Birth Rate. Reasons.
10.53 births per 1,000 people.

4. Death Rate. Reasons.
11.69 deaths per 1,000 people

5. Natural Growth. Reasons.[[image:openclassmariajesuscampos/colored-people.jpg width="77" height="77" align="right" caption="Romania Population Clock" link="@http://countrymeters.info/en/Romania"]]
-0.147%. Starting 1990, Romania's population has been decreasing year by year, due to a negative stock of migration abroad and a strong decrease of birth rate growth of the population. As there is a Mortality Rate higher than the Birth Rate, at short tern doesn’t matter but with the time de population will decrease little by little, and with it the Natural Growth Rate.

6. How do migrations affect your country?
The migration rate is about -0.13 migrants per 1,000 people. As I have said Romania's population has been decreasing year by year, due to a negative stock of migration abroad and a strong decrease of birth rate growth of the population.

1. Number of immigrants. Where do they come from? Why?
There are around __133,441__ immigrants, which suppose a 0.6% of the total population Romania is considerably lower comparing them to the statistics which are calculated from the amount of residence permitted.

2. Number of emigrants. Where do they go? Why?
There are approximately emigrants, a 5.7% of the total population. Domestic estimates vary from 2 to 3 million emigrants. Other sources, however, provide low estimates. For example, the National Institute of Statistics recorded only 386,827 emigrants from 2000 until 2014 (i.e., Romanian citizens who settled permanently abroad). The difference lies in the way the Institute records the number of emigrants, i.e., it only considers those who have changed their residence address permanently abroad. Needless, to say, this number is clearly underestimated. For instance, Caritas, an Italian non-governmental organization (NGO), gave a figure of 555,997 Romanian migrants in Italy in 2015.In contrast, the Italian National Statistic Institute reports only 342,200 Romanian migrants for the same year.Additionally, according to the Romanian Office for Labour Force Migration’s estimates, there are about two million Romanians employed in non-seasonal activities abroad, i.e., almost 10 per cent of Romania’s population. media type="prezi" key="r07gomqq9id" width="175" height="129" align="right"

Migration presentation

**3. Legislation of the country connected to migrations.**

Each legislation has several chapters in which we can find lots of articles. I have been searching for this articles for you to see them, but believe me when I tell you that there are hundreds of articles in the legislations, they are too much to put them right here, in this investigation. However, if you click in this photo or in this links you would have some of them.
 * ·** [[file:Law of Asylum..pdf]]
 * ·**Law concerning the Status and the Regime of Refugees in Romania.
 * ·**[|Emergency Ordinance on the Regime of Aliens.]
 * ·** [[file:Social Integration of Aliens.pdf]]

4. Institutions in charge of migrants.
In 2010 was told by an officer of the Romanian Office for Immigration that immigration was not a political issue in Romania. Yet, in the past two decades the country has developed considerable efforts in adopting and fine-tuning legal and institutional tools to manage and control migration.

5. Problems connected to migrations.
The migration rate is about -0.13 migrants per 1,000 people. As I have said Romania's population has been decreasing year by year, due to a negative stock of migration abroad and a strong decrease of birth rate growth of the population.

1.Where is the country?
Romania is located in the South-eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine, it is 46 00 N and 25 00 E.

2.What other nations border the country?
It is bounded to the east by the Black Sea, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, to the north by Ukraine, to the west by Hungary and Serbia and to the south by Bulgaria.

3.What kind of landscape does the country have? Positive and negative things of it.
Romania's natural landscape is almost evenly divided among mountains (31 percent), hills (33 percent), and plains (36 percent). These varied relief forms spread rather symmetrically from the Carpathian Mountains, which reach elevations of more than 2,500 meters, to the Danube Delta, which is just a few meters above sea level.

4.What kind of climate does it have? Pros and cons of the climate.
The climate is temperate-continental; ranges between hot summers and very cold winters with lots of snow from mid December until the end of March. Romania's average annual temperature is 11ºC (52F) in the south and on the coast, 2ºC (36F) in the mountains. In June, July and August, the hottest places in Romania are near the Black Sea coast, where average temperatures reach 24-30ºC. In summer, there are frequent showers and thunderstorms in the mountains. The mild, sunny days of autumn linger from early September until late October. Spring starts in mid March in most of Romania's regions, April in the mountains and in the north part of the country. Annual rainfall is 600 mm to 700 mm, much of it in spring. Precipitation is heaviest in Transylvania and in the Carpathian Mountains, where an average of 53 inches of rain and snow fall each year. Dobrojea is Romania's warmest and driest region, with less than 15 inches of annual rainfall.



1.What is the most common sector of employment in the country?
Most frequently occupation:
 * Statistical and finance clerks
 * Buyers
 * Business professionals not elsewhere classified
 * Child-care workers
 * Messengers, package and luggage porters and deliverers
 * Directors and chief executives
 * Transport labourers and freight handlers
 * Shop sales persons and demonstrators
 * Cooks
 * Housekeepers and related workers

The most popular types of vacancies submitted by employers include the following: freight handlers; order agents; salespersons; unskilled workers; textile manufacturing operators; guards; locksmiths; and commercial workers.

2.What is the unemployment rate of your country (by percentage)? 3.What is the percentage of contribution of its sectors?
The unemployment rate of Romania is around 7,1%.

[[image:openclassmariajesuscampos/unemployment.PNG width="266" height="224" align="left" link="@http://countryeconomy.com/unemployment/romania"]]


The top ten occupations in which there is a notable surplus of unemployed persons are as follows: processing industry labourers; unskilled workers in agriculture; structural-metal preparers and erectors; shop, stall and market salespeople and demonstrators; specialised staff for home care and supervision; residential building construction labourers; transport labourers and freight handlers; road, bridge, and dam maintenance labourers; unskilled workers in public services; and mechanics, assemblers, and repairers of agricultural and industrial machines.

4. Energy: production/consumption; exports/imports
Romania’s energy strategy is to secure supply through both fuel imports and domestic supplies and maintain a balanced energy resource portfolio by promoting clean coal technologies, nuclear energy, renewable energy expansion, and shale gas development.
 * 1) Romania has nine crude oil refineries with a total capacity of 467,642 barrels per day (bbl/d) according to the __Oil & Gas Journal__ (OGJ), which is among the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe. Although Romania's refineries operate below capacity, refinery output exceeds domestic consumption allowing the country to export the surplus petroleum products. Romania consumed 215,000 bbl/d of petroleum in 2013.
 * 2) __Oil production__ in Romania has steadily declined over time. Total crude oil and other liquids production in Romania was 104,000 bbl/d in 2013, down from around 134,000 bbl/d in 2003. Romania has the fourth-largest crude oil reserves in Europe with 600 million barrels of proved reserves as of January 1, 2014, according to OGJ estimates.
 * 3) __Dry natural gas production__ has declined steadily over the past three decades, from its peak of 1.4 trillion cubic feet in 1983 to 375 billion cubic feet in 2012. Romania has the fifth-largest natural gas reserves in Europe with 3.7 Tcf of proved reserves as of January 1, 2014.
 * 4) Romania is looking to develop __a shale gas industry__ and reduce its reliance on Russian natural gas supplies. According to Eurogas, imports of natural gas from Russia accounted for 24% of the natural gas Romania consumed and for 100% of the natural gas Romania imported in 2012.
 * 5) According to the recent EIA study, Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources, Romania holds 51 Tcf of __technically recoverable shale gas resources.__ The government decided to end a moratorium on shale gas exploration in March 2013, and Chevron began exploratory drilling in 2014.
 * 6) Romania had a total __electricity generating capacity__ of 58.8 billion kilowatthours in 2011. Romania’s two nuclear power plants generate about 20% of Romania’s electricity. Romania intends to build two additional nuclear plants to increase the share of electricity produced by nuclear to 40%.
 * 7) __Renewable energy__, mostly from hydroelectric generation, accounted for 23% of Romania’s gross final energy consumption in 2012, according to Eurostat data. The country is one of few in the European Union on track to meet its 2020 renewable energy target, which involves renewable energy accounting for 24% of Romania’s gross final energy consumption.

1. Which are the current issues that affect your country in domestic policy?
President Traian Basescu addressed a joint sitting of Parliament on Wednesday, delivering a message on domestic policy issues. Basescu thanked the ruling politicians for having speeded up the state's reform process and he also reiterated the importance of the health reform, switching to one-chamber Parliament and the administrative-territorial reorganization.
 * The Romanian President said that he regrets the fact that the opposition is not present at the message he sends to the plenum of the Parliament, pointing out that undermining the most important institution of the state, the Legislature, is not the best of solutions.
 * As regards the reason for which he decided to deliver the speech, Basescu said that a [[image:openclassmariajesuscampos/policy.PNG width="418" height="276" align="right"]]meeting of the President with Parliament "was required", given that events of major interest have lately occurred, including the replacement of the Government, the adoption and signing in Brussels of the Fiscal Treaty and a communication crisis between the ruling coalition and the Opposition.
 * He thanked the ruling coalition for having adopted the austerity measures, so necessary amid the economic crisis period, for having adopted the Education Law, the Law on Social Assistance, for the judicial reform. The head of state underscored the need of the health reform, but also of the administrative-territorial reorganization and of switching to a single-chamber Parliament and reducing the number of MPs to 300.
 * The president reviewed this years' priorities, the most important targeting the creation of new jobs. In the context, Basescu appealed both to parliamentarians and the members of the Government to open up mining again.
 * President Traian Basescu said the Romanian justice system has become increasingly efficient in the fight against graft, once the judicial reform has begun and he pointed out nobody feels sheltered, be they a mayor, a minister or a lawmaker from the ruling parties or from the opposition.
 * The head of state referred to the possibility for Romania to become energetically independent.
 * The topics also included opinions regarding the Euro Zone crisis or the EU Fiscal Stability Treaty Romania has recently signed in Brussels. He asked the Parliament to ratify the Treaty as soon as possible, for this thing 'will be a signal of the political will for Romania to become a performing state."

2. Which are the main policies about healthcare?
Minister Eugen Nicolaescu presented in 2007 a major reform to be implemented by beginning of 2008: the 42 county Public Health Authorities will be replaced by four national agencies: the National Agency for Drugs, the National Agency for Programs, the National Agency for Medical Assistance, and the National Agency for Medical Equipment. These four agencies will have branches in the eight economic regions of Romania. Also, all the public hospitals, with the exception of the regional hospitals, will be coordinated and subordinated to local authorities.

The Health sector reform process began in 1996. It focuses on the following goals: universal and fair access to a reasonable package of good quality health services, control of costs of health services and efficient delivery and allocation of resources.

All the changes made in the reform are uploaded here in a Microsoft Word document.

3. Which are the main policies about education?
The new political, social and economic situation in Romania after the 1990s led to new requirements of the Romanian education system. A National Center for Technical and Vocational Education Development (CNDIPT) was established in order to continue the reforms in vocational education and training field (VET) which began with the assistance of the European Union through Phare VET RO 9405. CNDIPT also fulfills the function of intermediate body for the Sector Operational Program - Human Resources Development 2007-2013, for fields of intervention 2.1 (transition from school to work) and 2.3 (access and participation in continuing vocational training) and has the following main tasks: The necessity of modernization, combined with the strategic directions of development at the European level, led to a new approach in order to reform the vocational education and training filed.
 * proposes the principles of the educational policy and the development strategies through the school units of initial training schools and technical vocational education and the linking principles between training and specialized in pre-university and university
 * ensures the scientific coordination of the innovation and development projects in TVET
 * ensures the scientific coordination and development of the methodologies for design, implementation and revision of curriculum for vocational and technical education
 * helps the coordination and the development of scientific methodologies in order to prepare the teachers within TVET
 * contributes to the correlation of the principles and methodologies of the initial and ongoing training of teachers in TVET
 * design and develop programs to fit the quality of equipment and other material resources for vocational education and technical training to international standards
 * ensure the development and functioning of social partnership in TVET at national, regional and local
 * ensure the function of intermediate body for the Sectorial Operational Program - Human Resources Development, Priority 2, the major areas of intervention 2.1 (transition from school to work) and 2.3 (access and participation in continuing vocational training)

Romania has made progress in restructuring the system of continuous training. Currently, Romania is implementing the short and medium term Strategy for continuing vocational training, 2005 - 2010. Implementation of this strategy is carried out in a planned manner, through the Action Plan 2005 -2010. The strategy aims to build a structured system of continuous vocational training, flexible and transparent, with adequate funding and a strong involvement of social partners to ensure a raised employment, adaptability and mobility of labour force and to meet the needs of companies regarding qualified manpower, taking into account the economic restructuring and alignment to the European market.
 * Continuing vocational training.**

Among the action lines of the strategy, the ones which relate directly to the labour force skills are: In April 2004 the Romanian Government undertook a commitment to the European Commission to implement a series of actions required to develop a National Qualifications Framework (CNC) that will lead to consistency of the two training systems, namely initial and continuous.
 * The strategy sets out 2 strategic objectives:**
 * 1) A growing participation to continuous work-related education and training and facilitating the access for all persons regarding long life learning;
 * 2) Growing quality and effectiveness of vocational training system through a result oriented management.
 * Developing of a flexible and transparent vocational training system, based on skills, integrated into the National Qualifications Framework;
 * Ensure the necessary conditions for the evaluation / validation and recognition of prior learning and experience, including skills acquired in non-formal and informal context;

Developing the National Qualifications Framework aims to ensure consistency between continuing training and initial training, introducing a common terminology, common occupational / professional standards, the same principles of certification (based on skills) and a system of transferable credits to allow recognition of learning, regardless of the system or context in which it occurred. Occupational standard, respectively the vocational training standard represents the document which specifies the necessary professional skills of practicing an occupation, respectively specific to a certain skill. Best practices
 * The actions carried out in this process were:**
 * Naming CNFPA as National Qualifications Authority (ANC)
 * The setting up of National Agency for Higher Education Qualifications and of a Partnership with the Economic and Social Environment
 * Signing of a tripartite agreement regarding the national qualifications framework.

If you think this is too much information, wait until you see the complete information in

4. Taxes and other revenues:
The standard profit tax rate is 16% for Romanian companies and foreign companies operating through a PE in Romania. Resident companies are taxed on their worldwide income, unless a double tax treaty (DTT) stipulates otherwise. Non-resident companies are taxed on all income derived from Romanian taxpayers, regardless of whether the services are rendered in Romania or abroad. The profit tax due for nightclubs and gambling operations is either 5% of the revenue obtained from such activities or 16% of the taxable profit, whichever is higher.

Micro-company tax regime
Micro-companies are subject to a mandatory revenue tax rate of 3%, provided they meet all the following criteria at the end of the previous year: The tax rate applicable to micro-company revenue is 3%. Payment of the tax and filing of the returns is made quarterly, by the 25th day of the month following the end of the quarter for which the tax is calculated.
 * Derive income from activities other than banking, capital markets, insurance and reinsurance, gambling.
 * Derive income from consulting and management activities no more than 20% of their total revenues.
 * Their annual turnover is lower than the Romanian leu (RON) equivalent of 65,000 euros (EUR).
 * Their shares are held by entities other than the state or local authorities.
 * Must not be involved in a registered procedure of dissolution with liquidation.

Micro-companies have the obligation to communicate to the tax authorities the change in their tax system by 31 January of the year in which the tax is due. Note that if revenues derived from management and consultancy activities exceed 20% of its total revenues, a micro-company becomes a profit taxpayer. Starting with 1 January 2016, new legislative provisions have been introduced, as follows: - 1% for micro-companies with two or more employees; - 2% for micro-companies with one employee; - 3% for micro-companies with no employees.
 * A tiered system of micro-companies tax rates, depending on the number of employees, has been introduced:
 * The threshold based on which a company is classified as a micro-company has been increased from EUR 65,000 to EUR 100,000. In addition it is clarified that the exchange rate to be used for determining the turnover threshold is the one available at the end of the financial year.
 * Taxpayers operating in the oil sector are excluded from the scope of micro-companies income tax.
 * A reduced rate of 1% has been introduced for newly set up Romanian legal entities which have at least one employee and have been incorporated for a minimum period of 48 months, with their shareholders not having held equity in other legal entities. This rate is only applied to the first 24 months from registration of the legal entity; the law also provides other requirements for the application of the reduced rate.
 * New deductions to the taxable base have been introduced, including the revenues obtained from a state with which Romania has concluded a DTT if these revenues have been taxed in the foreign state.

Local income taxes
There are no local taxes on corporate income.

5. Debt:
In Romania, external debt is a part of the total debt that is owed to creditors outside the country.. This page provides - Romania External Debt - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. Romania Total Gross External Debt - actual data, historical chart and calendar of releases - was last updated on December of 2015.

Romania Total Gross Debt

1. Which are the main current issues that affect your country in foreign policy?
= = Government Programme 2013-2016  Foreign Policy. Clear winning of parliamentary elections by a political alliance that comprises exponents of ideological trends in full recovery in Europe and shaping a broader parliamentary support for the most stable government in the last decade create favorable conditions to promote the most robust and ambitious Romanian foreign policy after accession to NATO and the EU. In the internal political context created with the swearing‑in of the new Executive, Romania’s foreign policy can regain the same strategic vision, the same capacity to mobilize skills and resources, and political transpartinic support which it had only enjoyed in the pre-accession period. To attain its goals, Romania's foreign policy must be a policy of national consensus. Integrated management of Romanian foreign policy requires management of the institution of diplomacy according to the principles of rigorouness, efficiency, honesty and professionalism, stability and continuity in the promotion and defence of national interests. The Romanian diplomacy will pursue, as an essential objective of Romania's foreign policy, to enhance the international profile of the country. Strengthening the role and substantiating Romania's contribution as a member of the European family, as well as deepening the Romanian – US Strategic Partnership for the 21st century will be the mainstays of our foreign policy vision. Romania's foreign policy must reinvigorate the external action of the Romanian state based on awareness that the status of Romania as EU and NATO member is instrumental in modernizing the Romanian society and enhancing the international profile of the country, such an instrument having to be used most efficiently to capitalize on all political, economic and security benefits deriving from membership in the two organizations and to achieve the national interests of Romania. Foreign policy action will focus on continuing efforts to achieve full European integration, to eliminate the remaining vulnerabilities, so as to strengthen Romania's status by ensuring consistency, efficiency and predictability of our foreign policy. Respect for the principles and norms of international law will continue to lie at the heart of Romania's foreign policy action. Concurrently, Romania's diplomatic action needs to capitalize on the state’s position on the external border of the EU and NATO, based on awareness of the advantages and disadvantages this geopolitical position implies. From this point of view, a key foreign policy priority is to harness diplomatic efforts to expanding to Romania’s neighborhood the democratic area of prosperity, security and predictability needed to ensure national security in its broadest sense. Foreign policy should be consistent, in terms of objectives and priorities, with the security and defence policy. An integrated strategic vision of foreign and security policy will help create additional capabilities for external demarches bearing political and / or economic benefits, whose success depends on coordination between key institutions of the national security system. By consistency, reliability and dynamism, the Government of Romania will act responsibly to strengthen Romania's international credibility and respectability, to the end of fulfilling the country’s international objectives and ensuring with priority that the interests of its citizens are protected. Thus, defining and promoting the specific priorities of Romanian foreign policy will be continuously and consistently related to the national interest and they will be placed in the service of national and personal dignity of Romanian citizens. Diplomacy will constantly pursue to project Romania's image abroad as a state with a consolidated democracy, with strong and functional institutions, fully complying with the democratic rules and values. Romanian diplomacy must be reconfirmed as a fundamental institution of the state so as to regain the prestige and influence diminished in recent years, and should be oriented to goals of a strategic nature, such as those subsumed to properly exercising the Presidency of the EU Council in 2019, which should integrate in a long-term vision on Romania’s place and role in the world.

2.Which are the main conflicts that have affected your country?
The early modern period was characterised by continuous warfare between the Habsburg Empire, Ottoman Empire, Poland (until the 18th century) and Russia for the control of the Danubian principalities and Transylvania. The defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683 marked the beginning of their decline in the region. The 19th century saw the formation of the modern Romanian state through the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was secured after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and Romania became a kingdom in 1881. The participation on the Allied (Entente) side during World War I triggered the unification of the remaining Romanian inhabited territories with the kingdom, thus forming Greater Romania. Romania reached its zenith during the inter-war period. After World War II, it was reduced to its modern borders and fell in the Soviet sphere of influence. The revolution of 1989 ended Communism and the geopolitical mutations in the region after the collapse of the Soviet Union paved the way for European integration, economically, politically, and militarily. Today, the Romanian army participates in peacekeeping missions with its NATO allies in Afghanistan, Bosnia, Kosovo and elsewhere.

3. Which are the main conflicts that affect your country?
Romania is engaged in the armed conflict in Afghanistan, as a member of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). As of May 2012 it contributed 1843 troops. Romania was also engaged with troops in Iraq, as a member of the US-led Multi-National Force//,// but ended its mission in July 2009. Romania sent a frigate and 205 military personnel as part of its contribution to the March 2011 military intervention in Libya following UN Security Council Resolution 1973 of 2011.
 * Afghanistan**
 * ISAF**, which aims to assist the Afghan Transitional Authority in creating and maintaining a safe and secure environment in Kabul and its surrounding area, was created in December 2001, authorised by UN Security Council Resolution 1386 and successive resolutions.
 * Iraq**
 * Libya**

4. Military Expenditures/ spending on defense programs:
As of 2008 Romania's strategic acquisition plan included six programs at a cost in excess of 17 billion Euros: Air Force--Multi-Role Fighters and Long-Range Air Defense; Army -- 8x8 Armored Personnel Carriers and 4x4 tactical vehicles; Navy--Corvettes (4) and Minesweepers (4). The Army programs involve domestic contractors, those of the Air Force do not, and the sourcing of the Navy programs is unclear. SCOMAR is an operative surveillance system, based on state of the art technologies that ensure early detection, tracing, recognition and identification of ships, which perform illegal traffic activities on the Black Sea.

While Romania's economy was growing on average at an impressive seven percent pace it could afford to dream big. The momentum obtained from joining NATO and the EU did render more sophisticated ambitions, including successfully hosting the 2007 Francophone Summit and the 2008 NATO Summit; modernizing its military procurements to better meet current operational requirements for NATO interoperability; sustaining or in some instances expanding its security commitments in Iraq, Afghanistan, or in the Western Balkans; having a more proactive diplomacy in the Middle East and Central Asia, to trying to build a Black Sea regional identity.

By 2009 that momentum was gone. The combination of Russian actions in Georgia and the global financial downturn has put most of Romania's international ambitions on hold for now. Unavoidable budget reductions and delay in meeting its strategic procurement schedule will negatively impact Romania's confidence in its ability to maintain its foreign and domestic commitments.

As we were told to note down the sources were we found th information, I recoded most of them in this Microsoft Word.

