Andrea+Martín+3ºE

toc = = = = = = = = = = =__MY COUNTRY FACTS: ABOUT CHINA__=

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__1.Main characteristics__
//**Full name**//: People´s Republic of China //**Official Languages:**// Chinese,Mandarin, Korean and Japanese. //**Demonym**//: Chinese //**Government**//: Comunist State //**Population:**//1,400,000 million inhabitants
 * //Capital://** Beijing
 * //President//:[| Xi Jinping]

//**Area**//: 9,596,951 square kilometres //**Currency:**// yuan

__**2.People and Population**__
China is currently the most populated and one of the biggest country in the world with around 1,401,000 million inhabitants and a density of 145 people per square kilometer. His area is about 9,597,000 square kilometres!.



__2.1. Birth rate. Reasons and causes__
China has a very low fertility rate around 0.74 per thousand.One of the main causes is the one-child policy which order that you can only have one child. Other reasons are the contamination of the country (lack of segurity and healthcare), economic affluences like the education. Also gender discrimination affects China as in their culture most people take seriously the first pregnancy, whether it is a boy or a girl.

**__2.1.1. One child´s policy__**
They are no penalties for twins although is increasing the number of medicines to prevent twins. This problem affect some cases such as the adoption or some social problems and the low birth rate. Although it has many problems, China improved in medicine as people have to make sure that they dont have a second child media type="youtube" key="nmjbV7PxZmc" width="560" height="315"

**__2.2.Mortality rate. Reasons and causes.__**
China has a high mortality rate 7.15 per thousand. This also affect to infancy as many women abort if the child is not a boy. One of the main reasons is the China´s pollution as produce many illnesses (stadistics say that most of the people in China died because of lung cancer). One of the problem is the huge population as Chinese people cannot be pay with a high income due to the huge workers so people cannot pay healthcare and economic situations (a house).

**__2.3.Natural Growth. Reasons and Causes.__**
China has a natural growth of 5.12 per thousand. This is so low because of the high mortality rate and the low birth rate. This led to a disorganization of the population. Also affects economic problems as they are no much people to pay taxes (that are needed because of its hughe size) to have public services. But also in my point of view is good as the populetion is China can be in balanced if nothing change.

__2.4.Migrations.__
China experiences the most extensive internal migration today. Internal migration in China is characterized by two important features: first, most migrants leave their farmlands for urban areas and/or for non-agricultural activities; second, such labour flows are basically directed from the interior to coastal areas, and/or from central and western regions to eastern areas. These two features overlap, and are closely interrelated with the macro socio-economic structure.



Immigrants in China are about 848,511 immigrants. Most came from US and Canada to study Chinese. Also from many countries in south Asia and South America for a better economy situation and studies in technology and marketing. Emigrants in China are about 163.36 million Emigrants. To Canada or landscapes countries to breath good air (to prevent pollution). Some of them go to the US for a better economy as there is a huge population a lot of people don’t have work. The institution in charge in [|China`s migration] is the Asia Pacific Migration Research Network (APMRN ):is on the long-term role of migration and increased ethno-cultural diversity as major factors in the social transformation of the societies of the Asia-Pacific region.

**__2.4.1.Problems __**
> > Legislation of the country connected to migrations: []
 * became one of the most serious problems in urban China, for the infrastructure in most cities is very poor
 * due to the movement of young, educated mainly male rural labourers, the sustainable development of agriculture and social development in rural society remains problematic.
 * social problems included a great shortage of housing, hospitals, hotels, power, water, gas, transport, etc.
 * the rural migrants have to be temporaryand therefore have no sense of duties and responsibility to take care of the urban surroundings, because they are not legal residents due to the lack of urban Hukou.

__3.Government__
China is a communist state which belong to the non-democratic government. The head of the state is the president or prime minister, in this case,Xi Jinping. China is divided into 5 branches:
 * Political (communist party),
 * Executive (State council, the premier of China Li Keqiand is responsible for control the government),
 * Legislative (Senate and House of representatives)
 * Judicial (Supreme People´s Court)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Military(Central military Commission, People´s army police)



**__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">3.1.Political Parties __**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//__**Communist party(CCP)**__//- government polices

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__//China Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang//:__** favors of unification of the motherland. To strive the unification and rejuvenation of China. To overthrow the dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang and realize independence, democracy and peace in China.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**__C__****__hina Democratic League__**//:hold high the banner of patriotism and socialism, implement the basic line for the primary stage of socialism, safeguard stability in the society, strengthen services to national unity and strive for the promotion of socialist modernization, establishment and improvement of a market economy, enhancement of political restructuring and socialist spiritual civilization, emancipation and development of productive forces, consolidation and expansion of the united patriotic front and realization of the grand goals of socialism with Chinese characteristics

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**__China Democratic National Construction Association__**//: to guarantee the basic political rights and human rights of citizens, protect and develop national industry and commerce and oppose the dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__//China Association for the Promotion of Democracy//:__** to return t he political <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">power to the people, the establishment of a united and constitutional government

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__//Chinese Peasants` and Workers` Democratic Party//:__** to oppose the dictatorial rule of the Kuomintang and establish the power of the people

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//__**China Zhi Gong Dang**__//: to assist the CPC and the Chinese government, consolidate and develop political stability, safeguard the rights and interests of party members and associated returned overseas Chinese and their relatives, reflect their opinions and demands and practice democratic centralism.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**__Jiusan Society__**//: to carry on the tradition of democracy and science, oppose the civil war and practice democratic politics.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**__Taiwan Democratic Self- government League__**//:uniting with league members and Taiwan compatriots and striving for the acceleration of reform, opening up and socialist modernization drive, safeguarding stability and unity, improvement of socialist democracy and legal system and the realization of the peaceful unification of the motherland and "one country, two systems"

__**3.2.Colony**__
This is a video of the colonies of China principally the Quin Dinasty

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//**How China became independence?**//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They gain its independence the 1 October 1949. On October 1, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The announcement ended the costly full-scale civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang (KMT), which broke out immediately following World War II and had been preceded by on and off conflict between the two sides since the 1920’s.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4.Geography __
China is located in Southeast Asia along the coastline of the Pacific Ocean on the 35 00 N, 105 00 E of the world. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">China is bordered by 14 countries: Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Russia. Marine-side neighbors include eight countries -- North Korea, Korea, Japan, Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam.



__**4.1.Landscape**__
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">China have many areas of rivers and lakes (These provide China with precious resources such as aquatic products, petroleum, natural gas, mines and renewable resources including tide power.)They have also many mountainous areas which they hide rich treasures including botanic, zoologic, and mineral resources. But in other part for centuries China has struggled with earthquakes, droughts, floods, typhoons, tsunamis and sandstorms. Only about 15 percent of it is arable, as most of the country is made of mountains, hills and highlands.



__4.2.Climate__
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">China has a variety of temperature and rainfall zones, including continental monsoon areas. In winter most areas become cold and dry, in summer hot and rainy. Air pollution is now is China the worst problem(country with more contaminate air in the world)this happened because of industrial resources, electronic waste, soil pollution and water resources. This led to very healthy serious problems as people intoxicate and most died.

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__5.1.Employment/Unemployment in China__
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">People work more in industry (72,8%) as in industries a lot of people is needed to work and China has a huge population.The unemployment rate in China is 4,05%. //__**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sectors Contribution: **__//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Agriculture: 9,2%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Industry: 47,9%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Services: 46,1

__5.2.Energy__
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">China is in the ranking 1 of energy production.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Petroleum//**:China is the world's second-largest consumer of oil and moved from second-largest net importer of oil to the largest in 2014.According to the Oil & Gas Journal (OGJ), released in January 2015, China holds 24.6 billion barrels of proved oil reserves. China's total petroleum and other production, the fourth-largest in the world, have risen about 50% over the past two decades and serves only its domestic market. China consumed an estimated 10.7 million bbl. /d (barrels) of oil in 2014, up 370,000 bbl. /d, or almost 4%, from 2013.Gasoline, the second-largest consumed petroleum fuel in China with an estimated 23% share in 2014, is still experiencing robust demand growth as a result of high light-duty car sales

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Natural Gas//**:China held 164 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proved natural gas reserves.China held 164 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proved natural gas reserves China contains several natural gas-producing regions, including the western and central parts of the country as well as offshore basins. While eager to develop older natural gas fields, China continues to invest in natural gas pipeline infrastructure to link production areas in the western and northern regions of the country with demand centers along the coast and to accommodate greater imports from Central Asia and Southeast Asia. Import regasification capacity was 1.9 Tcf/y (5.2 Bcf/d) by the end of 2014, and another 4.4 Bcf/d is expected to be constructed by 2017.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Coal//**:China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world and accounts for about half of the world's coal consumption. According to the World Energy Council, China held an estimated 126 billion short tons of proved recoverable coal reserves in 2011, the third-largest in the world behind the United States and Russia, and equivalent to about 13% of the world's total coal reserves .Coal production rose 9% in 2013 from 2012 to nearly 4.4 billion short tons. Chinese government data indicate that Chinese production and consumption declined by nearly 3% in 2014, the first decline in the coal industry in 14 years. Coal comprised nearly 66% of China's total energy consumption in 2012. In 2013, China consumed an estimated 4.0 billion short tons of coal, representing about half of the world total. Total imports rose to 360 million short tons in 2013, about 14% higher than 2012 levels. Indonesia and Australia are the largest coal exporters to China, supplying 65% of China's imports in 2013.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//**Electricity**//:China became the world's largest power generator in 2011. Annual growth in electricity generation was a decade-low 4% in 2014, Although nuclear generation is a small portion of the country's total power generation portfolio, China is actively promoting nuclear power as a clean, efficient, and reliable source of electricity generation. China generated 106 TWh of nuclear power in 2013, making up only 2% of total net generation.

**__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6.Domestic Policy __**
The main issues about domestic policy:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Air Pollution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Healthcare
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Corruption
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Unemployment
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Water Pollution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gap between rich and poor
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Quality of manufactured goods

**__6.1.Taxes__**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Corporate income tax//**: the income tax rate for both domestic and foreign enterprises is now 25%. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Withholding tax://** The withholding tax is a tax levied on China-derived income that non-resident enterprises make by providing services to companies based in China. Taxes will be deducted at the source from your gross invoice amount. The Chinese companies who you deal with and who remit the fund to your overseas bank account have the responsibility to withhold the amounts and pass to the tax bureaus. The withholding income tax rate for non-tax resident companies is 10%.


 * //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Value added tax(VAT): //**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">VAT applies to all enterprises and individuals engaged in the sales of tangible goods, provisions of processing, repairs and replacement services, and import of goods in China. The VAT rate is generally 17% or 13% for some goods. For small-scale taxpayers the VAT rate is 3%.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**//Business tax://** Business tax is a tax applied to all enterprises and individuals engaged in providing taxable services, transferring intangible assets or selling immovable properties in China.


 * //__Tax contribution:__//**


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Communications and transportation - 3%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Building work - 3%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Financial and insurance business - 3%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Post and tele-communication - 3%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Culture and sports - 3%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Entertainment - 5-20%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Services - 5%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Transfer of intangible asserts - 5%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sales of immovable properties - 5%

__6.2.Policies__
__Healthcare:__ http://csis.org/files/publication/111202_Freeman_ImplementingChinaHealthReform_Web.pdf __Education:__ []

**__7.Foreign Policy__**
Current issues:


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Paracel Islands administered and occupied by the People's Republic, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Republic of China on Taiwan officially claims to be the legitimate government of "China", with the de jure administration of the whole mainland China and Outer Mongolia, controlled by the People's Republic of China and Mongolia. Meanwhile, the PRC claims the de jure administration of Taiwan Province, as well as mainland-nearby islands of Kinmen and Mantsu Islands, currently controlled by the ROC.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">China, as well as Taiwan, claims the administration of Senkaku Islands (Diaoyutai), currently held by Japan.

**__7.1.Conflicts__**
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 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Border dispute with India; India claims control of Aksai Chin, which China seized during the [|Sino-Indian War] of 1962, while China claims most of the Indian state of Arunachan Pradesh


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Involved in a dispute with the Philipines over [|Scarborough Shoal].

>
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Involved in a [|complex dispute over the Spratly Islands] with Taiwan, Malasya the Philipines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8.Flag __
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The red of the Chinese flag symbolizes the communist revolution, and it's also the traditional color of the people. The large gold star represents communism, while the four smaller stars represent the social classes of the people. In addition, the five stars together reflect the importance placed on the number five in Chinese thought and history.