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 * Marta Pérez. (2ºF)**
 * This page had been created by Marta Pérez of 2ºF. **
 * Group: Mundi Nostrum. **

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= OLD NEWSPAPER: The Reconquest = In this page i'm going to talk about The Reconquest and its evolution, from the begining to the end.

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. ...  ↓__**V**__ __**ideo about The Reconquest evolution**__ ↓ media type="youtube" key="ci2jTnI2qqk" width="440" height="254"

** Concept of the Reconquest: **
The Reconquest was a military process by which Christian refugees in northern Iberian Peninsula organize and conquer the mainland territories under Muslim control. It is a slow but steady process, and unstoppable since 1212. It ends in 1492 when the Catholic Kings conquered the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada.

**The Reconquest: Evolution: **

 *  8th-9th centuries: Muslim Invasion; Christian Resistance; Foundation of the first Christian States.
 * 10th century: The Christian Kingdom’s reacherd as far as River Duero.
 * 12th century: The Christian Kingdom’s reached as far as River Tajo.
 * 13th century: 1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Reconquest is almost finished.
 * 15th century: 1492 Conquest of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. The Reconquest is over.

[[image:openclassmariajesuscampos/Spanish_reconquista_animado.gif caption="How the Reconquest spread through the Iberian Peninsula."]]

 * =8th-9th centuries: Muslim Invasion; Christian Resistance; Foundation of the first Christian States=

**Muslim invasion:**
In 711, Muslim Moors, mainly North African Berber soldiers with some Arabs, crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and began their conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania. After their conquest of the Visigothic kingdom's Iberian territories, the Muslims crossed the Pyrenees and took control of Septimania in 719, the last province of the Visigothic kingdom to be occupied. From their stronghold of Narbonne, they launched raids into the Duchy of Aquitaine. At no point did the invading Islamic armies exceed 60,000 men.These armies established an Islamic rule that would last 300 years in much of the Iberian Peninsula and 781 years in Granada. The conquering generals were necessarily acting very independently, due to the methods of communication available.In the end, the old successful generals were replaced by a younger generation considered more loyal by the government in Damascus. A serious weakness amongst the Muslim conquerors was the ethnic tension between Berbers and Arabs.The Berbers were indigenous inhabitants of North Africa who had only recently been converted to Islam; they had provided most of the soldiery of the invading Islamic armies but sensed Arab discrimination against them. This latent internal conflict jeopardized Muslim unity. After the Islamic Moorish conquest of nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula in 711-718 and the establishment of the emirate of Al-Andalus, an Umayyad expedition suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Toulouse and was halted for a while on its way north. A desperate Odo turned to his archrival Charles Martel for help, who led the Frankish and leftover Aquitanian armies against and defeated the Umayyad armies at the Battle of Tours in 732, killing Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi. Moorish rule began to recede, but it would remain in parts of the Iberian peninsula for another 760 years. mm m = = =**Christian Resistance & Foundation of the first Christian States:**= The year 722 saw the first Asturian victory against the Muslims. A military expedition was sent into the north to suppress Pelayo's rebellion, but his forces prevailed in the Battle of Covadonga. In late summer, a Muslim army overran much of Pelayo's territory, forcing him to retreat deep into the mountains. Pelayo and a few hundred men retired into a narrow valley at Covadonga. There, they could defend against a broad frontal attack. From here, Pelayo's forces routed the Muslim army, inspiring local villagers to take up arms. Despite further attempts, the Muslims were unable to conquer Pelayo's mountain stronghold. Pelayo's victory at Covadonga is hailed as the beginning of the Reconquest. During the first decades, Asturian control over the different areas of the kingdom was still weak, and for this reason it had to be continually strengthened through matrimonial alliances with other powerful families from the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Pelayo's dynasty in Asturias survived and gradually expanded the kingdom's boundaries until all of northwest Iberia was included by roughly 775. However, credit is due not to him but to his successors. Alfonso I (king from 739-757) rallied Galician support when driving the Moorish army out of Galicia and an area of what was to become Leon. The reign of Alfonso II (from 791-842) saw further expansion of the northwest kingdom towards the south and, for a short time, it almost reached Lisbon. It was not until Alfonso II that the kingdom was firmly established with Alfonso's recognition as king of Asturias by Charlemagne and the Pope. During his reign, the bones of St. James the Great were declared (falsely) to have been found in Galicia, at Santiago de Compostela. Pilgrims from all over Europe opened a channel of communication between the isolated Asturias and the Carolingian lands and beyond. The two resistances, Basque Navarre and Cantabrian Asturias, despite their small size, demonstrated an ability to maintain their independence. Because the Umayyad rulers based in Córdoba were unable to extend their power over the Pyrenees, they decided to consolidate their power within the Iberian peninsula. Arab-Berber forces made periodic incursions deep into Asturias but failed to make any lasting gains against the strengthened Christian kingdoms.

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 * The first Christian states were:**
 * The Kingdom of Asturias and Leon
 * The County of Castile
 * The Kingdom of Navarre
 * The Aragonese Counties
 * The Catalan Counties

=**10th century: The Christian Kingdom’s reached as far as River Duero.**= . . ........................................... =**12th century: The Christian Kingdom’s reached as far as River Tajo.**=
 * The Reconquista was a process not only of war and conquest, but also repopulation. Christian kings took their own people to locations abandoned by Muslims, in order to have a population capable of defending the borders. The main repopulation areas were the Douro Basin (the northern plateau), the high Ebro valley (La Rioja) and central Catalonia. * The repopulation of the Douro Basin took place in two distinct phases. North of the river, between the 9th and 10th centuries, the "pressure" (or presura) system was employed. South of the Douro, in the 10th and 11th centuries, the presura led to the "charters" (forais or fueros). Fueros were used even south of the Central Range
 * The presura referred to a group of peasants who crossed the mountains and settled in the abandoned lands of the Douro Basin. Asturian laws promoted this system with laws, for instance granting a peasant all the land he was able to work and defend as his own property. Of course, Asturian and Galician minor nobles and clergymen sent their own expeditions with the peasants they maintained. This led to very feudalised areas, such as León and Portugal, whereas Castile, an arid land with vast plains and harsh climate only attracted peasants with no hope in Biscay. As a consequence, Castile was governed by a single count, but had a largely mostly non-feudal territory with many free peasants. Presuras also appear in Catalonia, when the count of Barcelona ordered the Bishop of Urgell and the count of Gerona to repopulate the plains of Vic.
 * During the 10th century and onwards, cities and towns gained more importance and power, as commerce reappeared and the population kept growing. Fueros werecharters documenting the privileges and usages given to all the people repopulating a town. The fueros provided a means of escape from the feudal system, asfueros were only granted by the monarch. As a result, the town council was dependent on the monarch alone and had to help their lord (auxilium). The military force of the towns became the caballeros villanos. The first fuero was given by count Fernán González to the inhabitants of Castrojeriz in the 940 s. The most important towns of medieval Iberia had fueros or forais. In Navarre, fueros were the main repopulating system.


 * The weakness of the muslims after the end of the Caliphate and the Taifas system facilitated the invasion of the Leon and Castille kingdoms of the Tajo valley. Toledo was reconquered in 1085 which was and important milestone.
 * The almomahe reinforcement implied an stopper to the reconquest but in the west Christian kingdoms Alfonso I de Aragón reconquered Zaragoza in 1118 and Ramón Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, conquered Tortosa(1148) and Lérida (1149). Meanwhile the Portugal kingdom conquered Lisboa in 1147.

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=**13th century: 1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. The Reconquest is almost finished.**=
 * The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab, took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain.The Christian forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre,Peter II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal in battle against the Berber Almohad Muslim rulers of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula. The Caliph al-Nasir (Miramamolín in the Spanish chronicles) led the Almohadarmy, made up of people from the whole Almohad empire. Most of the men in the Almohad army came from the African side of the empire.
 * The crushing defeat of the Almohads significantly hastened their decline both in the Iberian Peninsula and in the Maghreb a decade later. This would give further momentum to the Christian Reconquest begun by the kingdoms of northern Iberia centuries before, resulting in a sharp reduction in the already declining power of the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula. Shortly after the battle, the Castilians took Baeza and then Úbeda, major fortified cities near the battlefield, and gateways to invade Andalusia. Thereafter, Alfonso VIII's grandson Ferdinand III of Castile took Cordova in 1236, Jaén in 1246, and Seville in 1248; then he took Arcos, Medina-Sidonia, Jerez and Cadiz. After this chain of victories, only Ferdinand's death prevented the Castilians from crossing the Gibraltar Strait to take the war to the heartland of the Almohad empire Ferdinand III died in Seville on May 30, 1252, when a plague spread over the southern part of the Iberian peninsula while he was preparing his army and fleet to cross the Straits of Gibraltar. On the Mediterranean coast, James I of Aragon, proceeded to conquer the Balearic Islands (from 1228 over the following four years) and Valencia (the city capitulated September 28, 1238).
 * By the year 1252, the Almohad empire was almost over, at the mercy of another emerging African power. In 1269, a new association of African tribes, the Marinid, has taken control of the Maghreb, and most of the former Almohad empire was under their rule. Later, the Marinids tried to recover the former Almohad territories in the Iberian peninsula, but they were definitively defeated by Alfonso XI, and King Afonso IV of Portugal in the Battle of Río Salado, the last major military encounter between large Christian and Muslim armies in the Iberian peninsula.

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=**15th century: 1492 Conquest of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada.**= The Reconquest is over. The Nasrid dynasty was the last Muslim dynasty in Spain, ruling the Emirate of Granadafrom 1238 until 1492. The Nasrid dynasty rose to power after the defeat of the Almohad Caliphate in 1212 at theBattle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Twenty-three emirs ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 byMohammed I ibn Nasr until January 2, 1492, when Muhammad XII surrendered to the Christian Spanish kingdoms ofAragon and Castile. During the time the Christians were launching a campaign against the Emirate of Granada that would effectively end the Nasrid dynasty, the Nasrids were engaged in a civil war over the throne of Granada. When Abu l-Hasan Ali the reigning amir was ousted by his son Abu 'abd Allah Mumhamed XII. Abu l-Hasan Ali retreated to Malaga and civil war broke out between the competing factions. Christians took full advantage of this and continued capturing Muslims strongholds. Muhammed XII was caught by Christian forces in 1483 at Lucena. He was freed after he swore an oath of allegiance to Ferdinand and Isabella. Abu l-Hasan Ali finally abdicated in favor of his brother Sa'd al-Zaghal (the valiant) and a power struggle with Abu 'abd Allah (Mumhamed XII) continued. Sa'd prevailed in the inner struggle but was forced to surrender to the Christians. Abu 'abd Allah (Mumhamed XII) was given a lordship in the Alpujarras mountains but instead took financial compensation from the Spanish crown to leave the Iberian Peninsula. The surrender of Granada was seen as a great blow to Islam and a triumph of Christianity. Other Christian states offered their sincere congratulations to Ferdinand and Isabella, while Islamic writers reacted with despair. In Castile and Aragon, celebrations and bullfights were held. People rejoiced in the streets.[24] Castile was the main beneficiary of the war, as it had also spent by far the majority of the money and manpower to prosecute it, and completely annexed Granada. The conquest of Granada meant little for Aragon's strategic position, but it did help secure Castilian support in Italy and France, where Aragon's interests lay.[27]Granada had presented a potential ally to France to act as a thorn in Castile and Aragon's side, much as Scotland did to England. Granada's conquest removed this weakness, enabling a more aggressive foreign policy.

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= ... **Prezi presentation about the reconquest:**=

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I have created this Voki representing one important character of the History of the Reconquest.
 * =Voki: Isabel I of Castile=

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Journalist: Good afternoon, thanks for coming. We're pleased you're here with us now. I would like to ask you some questions about the conquest of the last muslim kingdom on the Iberian peninsula. King Ferdinand I: Good afternoon, in fact the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada was the last muslim kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, it’s marks the final point to the Reconquest Journalist: Yes, a lot of years of wars King Ferdinand I: About seven centuries, and a lot of brave soldiers dead from both contestants, but the Christian kingdows finally won!!! Journalist: All the Christian kingdoms were involved? King Ferdinand I: Yes of course, at first nearly all the Iberian peninsula was invaded by the muslims except some territories in the north, some years later the Christian kingdoms were founded and all of us started the Reconquest fighting against the muslims and recovering the lost territories Journalist: …and the last one was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, tell us somenthing about that. King Ferdinand I: The invasion of Granada would offer an opportunity for me and Isabella to harness the restless Castilian nobility against a common enemy and instill subjects with a sense of loyalty to the crown.The Emirate's attack on the Castilian frontier town of Zahara in December 1481 provided us the provocation for a Christian invasion. Journalist: The war started in 1482? King Ferdinand I: The Granada War began in 1482, with Christian forces capturing Alhama de Granada in February 1482. This marked the beginning of a grinding 10-year war. Our force was made up of troops provided by Castilian nobles, towns, and the Santa Hermandad, as well as Swiss mercenaries. Journalist: Ten years of war... King Ferdinand I: It’s been a long war but finally on November 25, 1491, the Treaty of Granada was signed, setting out the conditions for surrender and on January 2, 1492, the last Muslim leader,Muhammad XII, known as Boabdil to the Spanish, gave up complete control of Granada to us Journalist: Thank you for answering all my questions, that's all for today, it has been a very interestinf interview, congratulations my king King Ferdinand I: Thanks a lot.
 * =Interview: King Ferdinand I and the fall of the last muslim kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula=

Advertisement Presentation
I have created this advertisement, which tries to sell new armours for soldiers and horses so that soldiers could be well protected in wars. Link: [|Advertisement presentation]

Newspaper Article: The Iberian Post
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=Personal choice: Multimedia resources about The Reconquest.=

by Henry Edward Watts || Reconquest of Spain by Derek William Lomax || (The Middle Ages Series) by Joseph F. O'Callagha || History of the Jews in Christian Spain, Vol. 1: From the Age of Reconquest to the Fourteenth Century by Yitzhak Baer and Hanoch Bartov || by Pamela A. Patton || Spain, 1157-1300: A Partible Inheritance by Peter Linehan || by David Nicolle || The world of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest by Simon Barton and Richard Fletcher || by Stephen Lay || Daughters of the Reconquest: Women in Castilian Town Society, 1100-1300 by Heath Dillard ||
 * ====__//** Books related to The Reconquest: **//__====
 * The Christian Reconquest of Spain (Illustrated)
 * Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain
 * Art of Estrangement: Redefining Jews in Reconquest Spain
 * Granada 1492: The Reconquest of Spain
 * The Reconquest Kings of Portugal: The Creation of a Medieval Frontier

Year: 1944 Director: J. Leitao Barros || Holy Queen Year: 1947 Director: Rafael Gil || Year: 1948
 * ====__//** Movies related to the Reconquest: **//__====
 * Ines of Castro
 * Doña María the Brave

Director: Luis Marquina || The favourite Year: 1955 Director: Cesare Barlacchi || Year: 1961 Director: Anthony Mann || The valley of swords Year: 1963 Director: Javier Setó || Year: 1964 Director: Vittorio Cottafavi || The black sword Year: 1976 Director: Francisco Rovira Beleta || Year: 1976 Director: Luis Enrique Torán || When Almanzor lost it’s drum Year: 1983
 * The Cid
 * The legend of the 100 knights
 * The altarpiece of Maese Pelos

Director: Luis María Delgado || Year: 1985 Director: Manuel Costa e Silva || Al-Andalus.The road of the Sun Year: 1988-9 Director: Jaime Oriol, Antonio Tarruella || Year: 1990 Director: Carlos Pérez Ferré || Jaime the Conqueror Year: 1993 Director: Antoni Verdaguer || Year: 1997 Director: Youssef Chahine || Ahmed, the prince of la Alhambra Year: 1998 Director: Juan Bautista Berasategi ||
 * The bewitched moor
 * Tramontana
 * The Destiny


 * ====**__ Interesting documentary about Reconquest __ (The invisible frontier – Medieval Spain Cronicles series) **====
 * The treason of Montiel || The upset heart ||
 * About Heaven and Earth || The redeeming fire ||
 * The chain of Agmat || Rogues and poets ||